Keywords
survival
conservation
inventory
Sea of Marmara
Turkey
How to Cite
Abstract
A total of 16 elasmobranch species (nine shark and seven batoid species) were sampled in the Sea of Marmara (SoM) between 2014 and 2024 for this study. During the same period, an additional nine species (six shark and three batoid species) were recorded from the same area by other researchers. Over the past 100 years, 32 species of demersal elasmobranchs (16 shark and 16 batoid species) have been reported from the SoM, but applying “evidence-based confirmed or unconfirmed presence” criteria reduces the current number to 25 (15 shark species, 10 batoid species). Principal Component Analysis indicates that adaptability to shallower waters is now critical to the spatial distribution of demersal elasmobranchs in the SoM. This shift clearly shows how dramatically the environmental degradation, marine pollution, and deoxygenation have reduced the region’s elasmobranch fauna primarily to demersal species over the last 40 years, underscoring the potentially devastating impact of such degradation on biodiversity.
References
Akoğlu, E., İ. Saygu & N. Demirel (2024): Decadal changes in the Sea of Marmara indicate degraded eco-system conditions and unsustainable fisheries. Front. mar. sci., 11 (1412656). https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmars.2024.1412656.
Anonymous (1974): Biological information for sewage disposal in the Bosphorus, Hydrobiological Research Institute, Project I/1974.
Anonymous (2017): MEDITS-Handbook, Version n. 9, MEDITS Working Group, 106 pp.
Artüz, M.L. & R. Fricke (2024): The marine carti-laginous fishes and sturgeons of the Sea of Marmara: an updated and annotated checklist. Zootaxa, 5501, 531-541. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5501.4.3.
Barausse, A., V. Correale, A. Curkovic, L. Finotto, E. Riginella, E. Visentin & C. Mazzoldi (2014): The role of fisheries and the environment in driving the decline of elasmobranchs in the northern Adriatic Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 71, 1593-1603. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst222.
Barone, M., C. Mazzoldi & F. Serena (2022): Sharks, rays and chimaeras in Mediterranean and Black Seas – Key to identification. FAO, Rome, 87 pp. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0830en.
Bello, G., R. Causse, L. Lipej & J. Dulčić (2014): A proposed best practice approach to overcome un-verified and unverifiable “first records” in ichthyology. Cybium, 38, 9-14.
Benli, H.A., B. Cihangir & K.C. Bizsel (1993): A new record for the Sea of Marmara; (Family: Squalidae) Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Turk. J. Zool., 17, 133-135.
Beşiktepe, Ş.T., H.İ. Sur, E. Özsoy, M.A. Latif, T. Oğuz & Ü. Ünlüata (1994): The circulation and hydrog-raphy of the Marmara Sea. Prog. Oceanogr., 34, 285-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(94)90018-3.
Bilecenoğlu, M. (2019): First record of Aetomylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817) Elasmobranchii: Myliobatidae), from the Sea of Marmara. J. Black Sea/Medit., 25, 182-187.
Bilecenoğlu, M. (2024): Diversity of fishes along the coast of Türkiye. Turk. J. Zool., 48, 589-616. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.3197.
Bilecenoğlu, M., E. Taşkavak, S. Mater & M. Kaya (2002): Checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa, 113, 1-194.
Bilecenoğlu, M., M. Kaya, B. Cihangir & E. Çiçek (2014): An updated checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Turk. J. Zool., 38, 901-929. https://doi. org/10.3906/zoo-1405-60.
Bin Aziz, S., N.A. Hasan, M.R. Mondol, M. Alam & M.M. Haque (2021): Decline in fish species di-versity due to climatic and anthropogenic factors in Hakaluki Haor, an ecologically critical wetland in northeast Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7, e05861. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05861.
Breitburg, D., L.A. Levin, A. Oschlies, M. Gré-goire, F.P. Chavez, D.J. Conley, V. Garçon, D. Gilbert, G. Gutiérrez, K. Isensee, G.S. Jacinto K.E. Limburg, I. Montes, S.W.A. Naqvi, G.C. Pitcher, N.N. Rabalais, M.R. Roman, K.A. Rose, B.A. Seibel, M. Telszewski, M. Yasuhara & J. Zhang (2018): Declinig oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science 359, eaam7240. doi: 10.1126/science.aam7240.
ÇŞİDB, TUBİTAK-MAM (2021): Denizlerde Bütünleşik Kirlilik İzleme Programı 2014-2019 Marmara Denizi Özet Raporu, TÜBİTAK-MAM Matbaası, Kocaeli. [in Turkish].
Daban, İ.B., A. İşmen, M. Şirin, C.Ç. Yığın & M. Arslan İhsanoğlu (2021): Analysis of Demersal Fish Fauna off the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. COMU-JMSF., 4, 20-31. https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.912403.
Demircan, M. (2022): Climate Change’s Impact on Turkish Seas’ Temperature and Aquaculture. JENAS., 4, 96-108. https://doi.org/10.53472/je-nas.1096917.
Demirel, N., M. Zengin & A. Ulman (2020): First large-scale eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea stock assessment reveals a dramatic decline. Front. mar. sci., 7, 103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00103.
Deval, M.C. & E. Mutlu (2024): Spatio-temporal density of the demersal chondrichthyes assemblage in an upper bathyal of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Biodivers., 54, 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-024-01423-x.
Devedjian, K. (1915): Balık ve Balıkçılık. İstanbul: Düyun-u Umumiye-i Osmaniye Varidat-ı Mahsusa İdare-i Merkeziyesi Matbaası. [in Turkish].
Deveciyan, K. (1926): Pêche et Pécheries en Turquie. Imprimerie de l’Administration de la Dette Publique Ottomane, Istanbul, 480 pp.
Diaz, R.J. (2016): Anoxia, hypoxia, and dead zones. In: M.J. Kennish (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Estu-aries, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978–94–017–8801–4.
Diaz, R.J. & R. Rosenberg (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science, 321, 926–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1156401.
Dulvy N.K., N. Pacoureau, C.L. Rigby, R. A. Pol-lom, R.W. Jabado, D.A. Ebert, B. Finucci, C.M. Pol-lock, J. Cheok, D.H. Derrick, K.B. Herman, C.S. Sher-man, W.J. VanderWight, J.M. Lawson, R.H.L. Walls, J.K. Carlson, P. Charvet, K.K. Bineesh, D. Fernando, G.M. Ralph, J.H. Matsushiba, C. Hilton-Taylor, S.V. Fordham & C.A. Simpfendorfer (2021): Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis. Curr. Biol., 31, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062.
Ebert, D.A. & M.F.W. Stehmann (2013): Sharks, batoids, and chimaeras of the North Atlantic, FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 7. FAO, Rome, 523 pp.
Ebert, D.A., M. Dando & S. Fowler (2021): Sharks of the World: A Complete Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 608 pp.
Ellis, J.R. & N.K. Dulvy (2016): Leuc-oraja naevus (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161626A16527841.
Ellis, J.R., S.R. McCully Phillips & F. Poisson (2016a): A review of capture and post-release mor-tality of elasmobranchs. J. Fish Biol., 90, 653-722. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13197.
Ellis, J.R., F. Serena, C. Mancusi, F. Haka, G. Morey, J. Guallart & T. Schembri (2016b): Scyliorhinus stellaris (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161484A16527873.
Ellis, J.R., A. Soldo, M. Dureuil & S. Fordham (2016c): Squalus acanthias (Mediterranean assess-ment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T91209505A16527761.
Ellis, J.R., A. Abella, F. Serena & M.F.W. Ste-hmann (2016d): Dipturus oxyrinchus (Mediterra-nean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T63100A16527733.
Ellis, J.R., N.K. Dulvy & F. Serena (2016e): Raja clavata (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39399A103113598.
Ellis, J.R., F. Serena & N. Dulvy (2016f): Raja montagui (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T63146A16564906.
Ellis, J., S.R. McCully-Philipps, D. Sims, D. Derrick, J. Cheok & N.K. Dulvy (2021): Dipturus batis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe-cies 2021: e.T203364219A203375487. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS. T203364219A203375487.en.
Eryılmaz, L. & N. Meriç (2005). Review of fish fauna of the Sea of Marmara. J. Black Sea/Medit., 11, 153-178.
FAO, ACCOBAMS (2018): Good practice guide for the handling of sharks and rays caught inciden-tally in Mediterranean pelagic longline fisheries. http://www.fao.org/3/i9152en/I9152EN.pdf.
Farrell, E.D., S. McCully, N.K. Dulvy, C. Mancusi & J.R. Ellis (2016a): Mustelus asterias (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39357A16527992.
Farrell, E.D. & N.K. Dulvy (2016b): Mustelus mustelus (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39358A16527988.
Ferretti, F. & E. Buscher (2016): Echinorhi-nus brucus (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41801A90728641.
Ferretti, F., G. Morey, F. Serena, C. Mancusi, R.P. Coelho, M. Seisay, F. Litvinov & E. Buscher (2016a): Squatina oculata (Mediterranean assess-ment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T61418A16570000.
Ferretti, F., G. Morey, F. Serena, C. Mancusi, S.L. Fowler, F. Dipper & J.R. Ellis (2016b): Squati-na squatina (Mediterranean assessment) (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39332A101695971.
Finucci, B., A. Barnett, K.K. Bineesh, J. Cheok, C.F. Cotton, Dharmadi, K.J. Graham, D.W. Kulka, F.C. Neat, N. Pacoureau, C.L. Rigby, S. Tanaka & T.I. Walker (2020): Hexanchus griseus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10030A495630. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS. T10030A495630.en.
Finucci, B., D. Derrick, J. Dossa & A.B. Williams (2021): Tetronarce nobiliana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T116861529A116861706. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS. T116861529A116861706.en.
Follesa, M.C., M.F. Marongiu, W. Zupa, A. Bel-lodi, A. Cau, R. Cannas, F. Colloca, M. Djurović, I. Isajlović, A. Jadaud, C. Manfredi, A. Mulas, P. Peri-steraki, C. Porcu, S. Ramirez-Amaro, F. S. Jiménez, F. Serena, L. Sion, I. Thasitis, A. Cau & P. Carbonara (2019): Spatial variability of Chondrichthyes in the northern Mediterranean. In: Mediterranean demersal resources and ecosystems: 25 years of MEDITS trawl surveys (M.T. Spedicato, G. Tserpes, B. Mérigot & E. Massutí, eds.) Sci. Mar., 83S1, December 2019, 81-100. ISSN-L 0214-8358 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04998.23A.
Gallo, N.D., L.A. Levin, M. Beckwith & J.P. Barry (2019): Home sweet suboxic home: remark-able hypoxia tolerance in two demersal fish species in the Gulf of California. Ecology, 100 (3), e02539. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2539.
Geldiay, R. (1969): İzmir Körfezinin Başlıca Balıkları ve Muhtemel İnvasionları. Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, İzmir. [in Turkish].
GFCM (2018): GFCM Data Collection Reference Framework (DCRF). Version: 23.2., FAO, 190 p.
Guallart, J. & R. Walls (2015): Centrophorus uyato (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T41745A72821789.
Gül, G. & N. Demirel (2021): Evaluation of the comprehensive feeding strategy and trophic role of overexploited mesopredator species in the Sea of Marmara (northeastern Mediterranean). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 259, 107448. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107448.
Hammer, Ø., D.A.T. Harper & P.D. Ryan (2001): Past: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontol. electronica, 4, 9 pp. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
Jabado, R.W. & D. Derrick (2021): Dasyatis torton-esei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T18907453A68783115.
Jabado, R.W., E. García-Rodríguez, P.M. Kyne, R. Charles, A.H. Armstrong, J. Bortoluzzi, T.L. Mouton, A. GonzalezPestana, A. Battle-Morera, C. Rohner & G. Notarbartolo di Sciara (2023): Mediterranean and Black Seas: A regional compendium of Important Shark and Ray Areas, IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Dubai.
JICA (1993): Marmara, Ege ve Akdenizde demersal balıkçılık kaynakları sörvey raporu. Ja-ponya Uluslararası İşbirliği Ajansı (JICA), T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 579 p. [in Turkish].
Kabasakal, H. (2002): Elasmobranch species of the seas of Turkey. Ann. Ser. Hist. Nat., 12, 15-22.
Kabasakal, H. (2016): Status of Cartilaginous Fishes in the Sea of Marmara. In: E. Özsoy, M.N. Çağatay, N. Balkıs & B. Öztürk (Eds.). The Sea of Marmara - Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation and Governance. İstanbul, Turkish Marine Research Foundation No: 42, pp. 903-918.
Kabasakal, H. (2022): Marmara Denizi’nde köpekbalıkları: İçdenizde yaşayan türlere güncel bilgiler ışığında bir bakış. In: B. Öztürk, H.A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.). Mar-mara Denizi 2022 Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı, Publication No: 63, 8-9 Ocak 2022 İstanbul, 337-343. [in Turkish].
Kabasakal, H. (2025): Effects of dissolved oxygen on distribution of chondrichthyes in eastern Sea of Marmara. PhD Thesis, Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Fisheries Technologies and Management Program, Istanbul, 165 pp.
Kabasakal, H. & S.Ü. Karhan (2008): On the occur-rence of the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias supercilio-sus (Chondricthyes: Alopiidae), in Turkish waters. Mar. Biodivers. Rec., 1,e69, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267207007452.
Kabasakal, H. & K.F. Türetken (2021): Photographic documentation of tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758), in İstanbul Strait: Reoccurrence of a rare shark in troubled waters. J. Black Sea/Medit., 27, 372-378
Kabasakal, H. & F.S. Karakulak (2024): A Review of Sharks and Batoids of the Sea of Marmara: Current Inventory, Conservation Issues and Future Projections. In: M. İşinibilir, A.E. Kıdeyş & A. Malej (Eds.). Ecologi-cal Changes in the Sea of Marmara, İstanbul University Press, E-ISBN 978-605-07-1633-7. pp. 819-846. doi: 10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023.025.
Kabasakal, H., M.İ. Öz, S.Ü. Karhan, Z. Çaylarbaşı & U. Tural (2005): Photographic evidence of the occurrence of bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Squali-formes: Echinorhinidae) from the Sea of Marmara. Annales, Ser. Hist. Nat., 15, 51-56.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2023a): Occurrence of deep-sea Squaliform sharks, Echinorhinus brucus (Echinorhinidae) and Centrophorus uyato (Centrophoridae), in Marmara shelf waters. Annales, Ser. Hist. Nat., 33, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.19233/ASHN.2023.05.
Kabasakal, H., S. Sakınan, L. Lipej & D. Ivajnšič (2023b): A preliminary life history traits analysis of sharks in the Sea of Marmara (Türkiye), where deoxygenation and habitat deterioration are rais-ing concerns. Aquat. Res., 6, 72-82. https://doi. org/10.3153/AR23008.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2024a): Where have you been hiding? Recurrence of Squatina oculata in the Sea of Marmara, with a review of the captures in Turkish seas. Aquat. Sci. Eng., 39, 200-205. https://doi.org/10.26650/ ASE20241406066.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2024b): Occurrence of longnosed skate, Dipturus oxyrinchus, in the Sea of Marmara. Annales, Ser. Hist. Nat., 34, 221-228. https://doi.org/10.19233/ASHN.2024.27.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2024c): Is there a third species of the genus Squalus (Squali-dae) present in the Marmara Sea, or just an extreme case of intraspecific variability of Squalus blainville? J. Ichthyol., 64, 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945224700462.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2024d): Impact of fishing capacity and envi-ronmental parameters on landings of Hexanchus griseus in the Sea of Marmara, Annales, Ser. Hist. Nat., 34, 257-272. https://doi.org/10.19233/ASHN.2024.31.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer, O. Gönülal & F.S. Kara-kulak (2024e): Bioecological lessons learned from the neonate longnose spurdogs Squalus blainville (Squaliformes: Squalidae) suggest a potential nurs-ery ground in the Marmara Sea. Acta Adriatica, 65. https://doi.org/10.32582/aa.65.2.2.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2025a): Did Raja asterias ever occur in the Sea of Marmara or were previous records just the cases of misidenti-fied Raja clavata? Turk. J. Zool., 49, 92-102. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.3215.
Kabasakal, H., U. Uzer & F.S. Karakulak (2025b): Captures of maturing and gravid female angular roughsharks, Oxynotus centrina (Oxynotidae), in the Sea of Marmara. J. Ichthyol., 65, 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945224701029.
Karadurmuş, U. & M. Sarı (2024): Distribution and diversity of elasmobranchs in the Sea of Marmara: a 2023 status report. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw., 34, e4121. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4121.
Kocataş, A., T. Koray, M. Kaya, & Ö.F. Kara (1993) Review of the fishery resources and their environ-ment in the Sea of Marmara. Studies and Reviews No: 64, Fisheries and Environmental Studies in the Black Sea System, FAO, Rome, pp. 87-143.
Kovačić, M., L. Lipej & J. Dulčić (2020): Evidence approach to checklists: critical revision of the check-list of the Adriatic Sea fishes. Zootaxa, 4767, 001-055. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4767.1.1.
Last P.R., B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann & S. Weig-mann (2016): Skates - Family Rajidae, In: (W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann, G.J.P. Naylor & L. Marshall) (Eds.). Rays of the world, CSIRO, Clayton South, pp. 204-363.
Mancusi, C., G. Morey & F. Serena (2016): Raja radula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161339A16527984.
Mantıkçı, M., H. Örek, M. Yücel, Z. Uysal, S. Arkın & B. Salihoğlu (2022): Marmara Denizi’nin güncel oksijen durumu ve müsilajın etkisi, In: B. Öztürk, H.A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.). Marmara Denizi 2022 Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı, Pub-lication No: 63, 8-9 Ocak 2022 İstanbul, pp. 18-24. [in Turkish].
Marino, I.A.M., L. Finotto, F. Colloca, M. Di Lorenzo, M. Gristina, E.D. Farrell, L. Zane & C. Mazzoldi (2018): Resolving the ambiguities in the identification of two smooth-hound sharks (Mustelus mustelus and Mustelus punctulatus) using genetics and morphology. Mar. Biodiv., 48, 1551-1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0701-8.
Mater, S. & N. Meriç (1996): Deniz balıkları - Pisces. In: Türkiye Omurgalılar Tür Listesi (A. Kence & C.C. Bilgin, eds.). TÜBİTAK, Ankara, 133-172. [in Turkish].
McCully, S., M. Dureuil & E.D. Farrell (2016): Galeorhinus galeus (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39352A16527949.
Meriç, N. (1995): A study on existence of some fishes on the continental slope of the Sea of Mar-mara. Turk. J. Zool., 19, 191-198.
Moyle, P.B. & R.A. Leidy (1992): Loss of biodi-versity in aquatic ecosystems: evidence from fish faunas. In: P.L. Fiedler & S.K. Jain (Eds.). Conserv. Biol. Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 127-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6426-9_6.
Ninni, E. (1923): Primo contributo allo studio dei pesci e della pesca nelle acque dell’Impero Ot-tomano. Premiate Officine Grafiche Carlo Ferrari, Venezia.
Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., F. Serena, N. Ungaro, F. Ferretti, S. Pheeha, B. Human, S. McCully & E. Buscher (2016): Torpedo marmorata (Mediterra-nean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161328A16527917.
Oral, M. (2010): A preliminary study on feeding habits of blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus, Rafinesque, 1810, sampled from the Sea of Marma-ra. p. 312-316. In: B. Öztürk (Ed.). Marmara Denizi 2010 Sempozyumu, Bakırköy Yunus Emre Kültür Merkezi, Istanbul, 25-26 September 2010. Bildiriler Kitabı. Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı Istanbul. [in Turkish].
Pollom, R.A., J. Cheok, N. Pacoureau, K.S. Gledhill, P.M. Kyne, D.A. Ebert, R.W. Jabado, K.B. Herman, R.H. Bennett, C. da Silva, S. Fernando, B. Kuguru, R.W. Leslie, M.E. McCord, M. Samoilys, H. Winker, S.T. Fennessy, C.M. Pollock, C.L. Rigby & N.K. Dulvy, N.K. (2024): Overfishing and climate change elevate extinction risc of endemic sharks and rays in the southwest Indian Ocean hotspot. PLoS ONE, 19, e0306813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306813.
Rhasis Erazi, R.A. (1942): Marine fishes found in the Sea of Marmara and in the Bosphorus. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuası, Seri B, 7, 103-115.
Rincón-Díaz, M.P., S.J. Pittman, I. Arismendi & S.S. Heppell (2018): Functional diversity metrics de-tect spatio-temporal changes in the fish communities of a Caribbean marine protected area. Ecosphere, 9, e02433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2433.
Ruiz-García, D., J.A. Raga, D. March, A.I. Colmenero, F. Quattrocchi, J.B. Company, L. Recasens & C. Barría (2023): Spatial distribution of the demersal chondrichthyan community from the western Mediterranean trawl bycatch. Front. mar. sci., 10:1145176. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmars.2023.1145176.
Salihoğlu, B., B.F. Salihoğlu, D. Tezcan, S. Tuğrul, E. Akoğlu, K. Özkan & S. Arkın (2022): Sea of Marmara ecosystem under multiple stressors and rehabilitation plans, In: B. Öztürk, H.A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.). Marmara Denizi 2022 Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı, Yayın No: 63, 8-9 Ocak 2022 İstanbul, pp. 49-53. [in Turkish].
Saygu, İ. & M.C. Deval (2014): The post-release survival of two skate species discarded by bottom trawl fisheries in Antalya Bay, Eastern Mediterranean. TrJFAS, 14, 947-953. https://doi. org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_4_14.
Saygu, İ., E. Akoğlu, G. Gül, D. Bedikoğlu & N. Demirel (2023): Fisheries impact on the Sea of Mar-mara ecosystem structure and functioning during the last three decades. Front. mar. sci., 9, 1076399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1076399.
Serena, F. (2005): Field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Roma.
Serena, F., J. Ellis, A. Abella, C. Mancusi, F. Haka, J. Guallart, N. Ungaro, R.P. Coelho, T. Schembri & M. Kirsteen (2015): Scyliorhinus canicula (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threat-ened Species 2015: e.T161307554A201955962. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS. T161307554A201955962.en.
Serena, F., G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, & N. Ungaro (2016a): Torpedo torpedo (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe-cies 2016: e.T161397A16527797.
Serena, F., A. Abella, R.H.L. Walls & N.K. Dulvy (2016b): Raja asterias (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T63120A16527773.
Serena, F., C. Mancusi, G. Morey & J.R. El-lis (2016c): Dasyatis pastinaca (Mediterranean assessment) (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161453A97841681.
Serena, F., J. Holtzhausen, D.A. Ebert & C. Mancusi (2016d): Myliobatis aquila (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe-cies 2016: e.T161569A16527996.
Silveira, L.F., D. de Mello Beisiegel, F.F. Curcio, P.H. Valdujo, M. Dixo, V.K. Verdade, G. M.T. Mattox & P.T.M. Cunningham (2010): What use do fauna inventories serve? Estud. Av., 24, 173-207.
Sims, D.W. (2019): The significance of ocean deoxygenation for elasmobranchs. In: Laffoley, D. and Baxter, J.M. (Eds.). Ocean deoxygenation: everyone’s problem: causes, impacts, consequences and solutions. IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme. pp. 431-448. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2019.13.en.
Soldo, A. & J. Guallart (2016): Oxynotus cen-trina (Mediterranean assessment) (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threat-ened Species 2016: e.T63141A97834254.
Soldo, A., M.N. Bradai, E. Buscher, D.A. Ebert, F. Serena & C. Mancusi (2016): Squalus blainville (Med-iterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threat-ened Species 2016: e.T169229923A200982471.
Stauffer Jr., J.R. & P.M. Kocovsky (2007): Explor-ing links between systematics and fisheries man-agement. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 136, 1122-1125. https://doi.org/10.1577/T06-166.1.
Stevens, J.D., R. Bonfil, N.K. Dulvy & P.A. Walker (2000): The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implica-tions for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3), 476-494. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0724.
Torcu Koç, H., F. Üstün, Z. Erdoğan & L. Artüz (2012): Species composition of benthic fish fauna in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. J. Appl. Ich-thyol., 37, 303-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.02037.x.
Uysal, A., A. Yüksek & E. Okuş (1996): Marmara Denizi’nde ender rastlanan üç elasmobranchii türü ve dağılımları: (Raja naevus Müller & Henle, 1841; Raja oxyrinchus Linnaeus, 1758; Galeus melasto-mus Rafinesque, 1809), Abstracts of 13th National Congress of Biology, 17-20 September 1996, 28. [in Turkish].
Ünlüata, Ü. & E. Özsoy (1988): Deep water renewals and oxygen deficiency in the Sea of Mar-mara. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 31, 193.
Vaquer-Sunyer, R. & C.M. Duarte (2008): Thresh-olds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105, 15452-15457. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.0803833105.
Vedor, M., N. Queiroz, G. Mucientes, A. Couto, I. da Costa, A. dos Santos, F. Vandeperre, J. Fontes, P. Afonso, R. Rosa, N.E. Humphries & D.W. Sims (2021): Climate-driven deoxygenation elevates fishing vulnerability for the ocean’s widest ranging shark. eLife, 10, e62508. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62508.
Villagra, D., N. Van Bogaert, B. Ampe, P. Walker & S.S. Uhlmann (2022): Life-history traits of batoids (Superorder Batoidea) in the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 32(2), 473-495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09695-3.
Waller, M.J., N.E. Humphries, F.C. Womersley, A. Loveridge, A.L. Jeffries, Y. Watanabe, N. Payne, J. Semmens, N. Queiroz, E.J. Southall & D.W. Sims (2024): The vulnerability of sharks, skates, and rays to ocean deoxygenation: physiological mechanisms, behavioral responses, and ecological impacts. J. Fish Biol., 105, 482-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15830.
Walls, R.H.L. & E. Buscher (2016): Aetomylaeus bovinus (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T60127A81163810.
Walls, R.H.L. & J. Guallart (2016): Dalatias licha (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T6229A16527825.
Walls, R.H.L., M. Vacchi, G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, F. Serena & N.K. Dulvy (2016): Gym-nura altavela (Mediterranean assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T63153A16527909.
WoRMS Editorial Board (2025): World Register of Marine Species. Available from https://www. marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2025-06-11. doi:10.14284/170.
Yaka, U. & R. Yüce (2006): The rough ray, Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 (Rajidae), new to the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Zool. Middle East, 39, 112-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2006.10638193.
Yang, B., X. Qu, H. Liu, M. Yang, W. Xin, W. Wang & Y. Chen (2024): Urbanization reduces fish taxonomic and functional diversity while increases phylogenetic diversity in subtropical rivers. Sci. To-tal Environ., 908, 168178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2023.168178.
Yıldız, T., E. Yemişken, F.S. Karakulak, U. Uzer, C. Dalyan & I.K. Oray (2016): A new record of dasyatid fish from the Sea of Marmara: Tortonese’s stingray, Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1975 (Dasy-atidae). J. Appl. Ichthyol., 32, 721-723. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13087.
Yılmaz, A., Ö. Baştürk, S. Tuğrul, C. Saydam & Ü. Ünlüata (1990): Marmara Denizi ve boğazlar sisteminin su dinamiği ve çevresel karakteristiği. 7 Bölümde İstanbul’un Çevre Sorunları ve Çözüm-leri Sempozyumu, 9-13 Nisan 1990, Türkiye Çevre Koruma ve Yeşillendirme Kurumu, pp. 231-261. [in Turkish].
Zengin, M., H. Polat, S. Kutlu, A.C. Dinçer, H. Güngör, M. Aksoy, C. Özgündüz, E. Karaaslan & Ş. Firidin (2004): Marmara Denizi’ndeki derin su pembe karidesi (Parapenaeus longi-rostris Lucas, 1846) balıkçılığın geliştirilmesi üzerine bir araştırma, Sonuç Raporu (TAGEM/HAYSUD/2001/09/2004), T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü.[in Turkish].
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.